Labor systems after the Columbian Exchange changed significantly as a result of increased trade and the rise of colonialism. Peasant agricultural labor intensified pretty much everywhere, especially in China, India, and Russia. Chattel slavery was also a key change in this time period as over 12 million Africans were taken as property and shipped across the Americas. However, slavery as an institution is a continuity because it existed well before the early modern period and continues into today.