Topic 4.6

📍Topic 4.6 Internal and External Challenges to State Power

📖 AMSCO p.243 - p.250

Main Idea

Key Timeline

Image Courtesy of Grace

Things to Know

Fronde civil disturbances

• In response to heavy taxation, the nobility and commoners attempted to curb the power of the monarchy, King Louis XIV.

Metacom’s War

• Indigenous people (the Wampagnoag people) attempted to drive the British away from the land in the New England colonies
• The English managed to defeat the Wampanoag people and are declared the winners over the indigenous tribes

Nzinga’s Rule

• Nzinga was an African queen who ruled Ndongo (present-day Angola) from 1624-1663.
• The Portuguese wanted to come to Africa in search of gold, copper, and ivory
• Nzinga allies Ndongo with Portugal, thereby stopping Portugal’s raids and gaining Portugal’s protection
• The Portuguese ended up supporting Nzinga’s brother, Ngola, which led to a power struggle between Nzinga and her brother.
• To avoid this, Nzinga takes her people and flees west and takes over the state of Matamba
• Nzinga makes Matamba allies with the Dutch and frees the enslaved people

Local Resistance in Russia

• Serfdom in Russia
  • Serfs were essentially enslaved as their labor was bought and sold. They were angered by the nobles’ harsh treatment
  • Peasants became angered by becoming assimilated into serfdom because of their massive debt
• Cossacks and Pugachev’s Rebellion
  • The Cossacks were skilled fighters who were hired as mercenaries for Russia and sometimes clashed with the Tsars
  • Pugachev’s Rebellion
    • Yemelyan Pugachev started the Pugachev Rebellion against Catherine the Great, who made conversion to Christianity mandatory
    • Pugachev promised religious freedom and gathered peasants and the Cossacks to form a rebel army to oppose Catherine the Great’s rule.
    • Pugachev was captured eventually by the Russian army
    • The rebellion caused Catherine the Great to have even stricter rule over the serfs

The Maratha Warriors

• The Maratha Warriors were Hindu warriors who fought the Mughal Empire (an empire in present-day India and Pakistan) for control of India
• The Maratha Warriors eventually overpowered the Mughals and ended up taking over most of India in the early 1700s
• Eventually, these warriors formed the Hindu Maratha Empire

The Pueblo Revolt

• The Pueblo Revolt took place in 1680 in present-day New Mexico
• The Revolt consisted of a clash between indigenous groups and the Spanish colonizers
• The colonizers were trying to force religious conversions.
• 400 colonizers were killed and the other colonizers were driven out of the area

Maroon Wars

• The Maroon Wars occurred in the Caribbean and the Americas
• Enslaved people fought for their freedom against colonizers.
• The First Maroon War ended in freedom for the Jamaican Maroons against the British colonizers.
• The Second Maroon War ended in a bloody draw, although the British heavily outnumbered the Jamaicans.
• Queen Nanny, a Jamaican leader, escaped slavery and united all escaped slaves on Jamaica

Gloucester County Rebellion

• Enslaved Africans and White indentured servants conspired to demand freedom from the governor of Virginia
• They were arrested after the plot to rebel was discovered and reported.

The Glorious Revolution

• James II enraged many English people with his Anti-Protestant actions
• After being prompted by nobles, William of Orange leads an army to invade England
• William defeats James II and takes the position of King of England (1689)
• Parliament passes a law that bans Catholics from ruling England; the throne remains in Protestant hands

Terms to Remember