New military technologies, a system of alliances, competition for empire, and a rising tide of nationalism collided in the early twentieth century, leading to the most devastating war that Europe had ever experienced - the first war fought with the technologies of the Second Industrial Revolution. World War I would bring Europe to a point of "Total War" that it had never previously experienced, challenging Victorian ideas of masculinity and femininity. World War I would set the stage for a tumultuous period to follow, in spite of the intentions of European leaders who negotiated the Treaty of Versailles that it should be the "War to End All Wars."